Requests库:基于Urllib,更为简单

请求:

响应

  • reponse属性

    • print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code)
    • print(type(response.headers), response.headers)
    • print(type(response.cookies), response.cookies)
    • print(type(response.url), response.url)
    • print(type(response.history), response.history)

  • 状态码判断

    • response.status_code == requests.codes.not_found
    • 很多的状态码,用到了再查询(课程文档也有)

文件上传

  • 直接就有这个属性: print(response.cookies)

会话维持

  • s = requests.Session() #使用会话

证书验证

  • https会检测证书是不是合法

    • verify=False 取消证书验证

代理设置

超时设置

认证设置

异常处理

  • ConnectionError, RequestException
  • 查API

requests

实例引入

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import requests

response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
print(type(response))
print(response.status_code)
print(type(response.text))
print(response.text)
print(response.cookies)

各种请求方式

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import requests
requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post')
requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put')
requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')

请求

基本GET请求

基本写法

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import requests

response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')  #get请求
print(response.text)

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{
  "args": {}, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.24.0", 
    "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-5f0d4b0d-aa2e34e8979e8cba714124c0"
  }, 
  "origin": "183.207.182.162", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/get"
}

带参数GET请求

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import requests
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22") #带参数
print(response.text)

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import requests

data = {
    'name': 'germey',
    'age': 22
}
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=data) #将需要传递的参数使用字典传递,然后就可以自动的连接
print(response.text)

解析json

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import requests
import json

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")
print(type(response.text))
print(response.encoding)
print(response.json())  #直接调用json方法
print(json.loads(response.text))  #利用json解析
print(type(response.json()))

获取二进制数据

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import requests

response = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico")
print(type(response.text), type(response.content))  #两种内容的类型
print(response.text)  #str类型是乱码的，需要解析成二进制
print(response.content)  #图片的二进制内容

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import requests

response = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico")
with open('favicon.ico', 'wb') as f:  #wb的格式打开
    f.write(response.content)  #二进制数据写入到本地
    f.close()

添加headers

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import requests

response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore")
print(response.text)
# 不加请求头可能就会出问题的

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import requests

headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore", headers=headers)
print(response.text)

基本POST请求

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import requests

data = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data)
print(response.text)

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import requests

data = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'}
headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data, headers=headers)
print(response.json())

响应

reponse属性

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import requests

response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')
print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code)
print(type(response.headers), response.headers)
print(type(response.cookies), response.cookies)
print(type(response.url), response.url)
print(type(response.history), response.history)

状态码判断

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import requests

response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
print("请求成功") if not response.status_code == 200 else print('Request Successfully')

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import requests

response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
exit() if not response.status_code == 200 else print('Request Successfully')

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import requests
print(requests.codes.gateway_timeout)
print(requests.codes.not_found)

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100: ('continue',),
101: ('switching_protocols',),
102: ('processing',),
103: ('checkpoint',),
122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
201: ('created',),
202: ('accepted',),
203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
204: ('no_content',),
205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
208: ('already_reported',),
226: ('im_used',),

# Redirection.
300: ('multiple_choices',),
301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
302: ('found',),
303: ('see_other', 'other'),
304: ('not_modified',),
305: ('use_proxy',),
306: ('switch_proxy',),
307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
308: ('permanent_redirect',
      'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0

# Client Error.
400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
401: ('unauthorized',),
402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
403: ('forbidden',),
404: ('not_founresponse.status_code == requests.codes.not_foundd', '-o-'),
405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
406: ('not_acceptable',),
407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
409: ('conflict',),
410: ('gone',),
411: ('length_required',),
412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
417: ('expectation_failed',),
418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
421: ('misdirected_request',),
422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
423: ('locked',),
424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
444: ('no_response', 'none'),
449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
499: ('client_closed_request',),

# Server Error.
500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
501: ('not_implemented',),
502: ('bad_gateway',),
503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
504: ('gateway_timeout',),
505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
507: ('insufficient_storage',),
509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
510: ('not_extended',),
511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),

高级操作

文件上传

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import requests

files = {'file': open('favicon.ico', 'rb')}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", files=files)
print(response.text)

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import requests

response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com")
print(response.cookies)
for key, value in response.cookies.items():
    print(key + '=' + value)

会话维持

模拟登录

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import requests

requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)

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# 维持
import requests

s = requests.Session()  #使用会话
s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')  #设置cookie
response = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies') #获取cookie
print(response.text)

证书验证

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import requests

response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')
print(response.status_code)

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import requests
from requests.packages import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings()  #取消显示警告信息
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', verify=False)
print(response.status_code)

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import requests

response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', cert=('/path/server.crt', '/path/key'))  #手动指定证书
print(response.status_code)

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import requests
response = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn/mormhweb/")
print( response.text)

代理设置

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import requests


def proxy():
    # 代理服务器
    proxyHost = "u2999.10.tn.16yun.cn"
    proxyPort = "6442"
    #
    # # 代理隧道验证信息
    proxyUser = "16VNOVSV"
    proxyPass = "050601"

    proxyMeta = "http://%(user)s:%(pass)s@%(host)s:%(port)s" % {
        "host": proxyHost,
        "port": proxyPort,
        "user": proxyUser,
        "pass": proxyPass,
    }

    proxy = {
        "http": proxyMeta,
        "https": proxyMeta,
    }
    return proxy
proxies = proxy()
print(proxies)

response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)
print(response.text)

超时设置

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import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
try:
    response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
    print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
    print('Timeout')

认证设置

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import requests

from requests.auth import AuthBase
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

# 用户名以及密码
auth = HTTPBasicAuth("tom枫明".encode('utf-8'),"123456")

resopnse = requests.post("http://pythonscraping.com/pages/auth/login.php",auth=auth)
print(response.status_code)

异常处理

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import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException
try:
    response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
    print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout: #超时
    print('Timeout')
except ConnectionError:  #连接
    print('Connection error')
except RequestException:  #请求异常
    print('Error')